The Psychology Behind Cosplay

“It’s worth it just to put some smiles on people’s faces."
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Ron Harris/AP
Two attendees of MomoCon, an anime, gaming and comic convention, practice their poses outside of the Georgia World Congress Center in May 2016, in Atlanta.

With Halloween just around the corner, everyone seems to have costumes on their minds. People who typically wear jeans and T-shirts are suddenly eyeing colorful spandex, capes, wigs and corsets, and are opening their wallets to acquire an outfit that will present them to the world as someone — or something — they’re not.

But for people who cosplay — dress in costumes to role-play characters from movies, TV shows, books, comics and video games — the challenge of transformation is one they happily accept at various times year-round.

Cosplayers can invest considerable time, money and effort into crafting or commissioning head-to-toe presentations that are one-of-a-kind. Some creations include enormous accessories, facial or body prosthetics, working electronics or complex mechanical parts. Other costumes limit how well the wearers can see or move, making it difficult for them to sit, or navigate a room, without help. [Comic Con Cosplay: Photos of the Coolest Costumes]

But what inspires cosplayers to reinvent themselves so elaborately? Cosplayers and psychologists who study the phenomenon reveal the individual and community features that make dressing up so enticing and rewarding.

For the love of costumes

From Oct. 6 to 9, hundreds of cosplayers attended New York Comic Con 2016 (NYCC), costumed as superheroes and supervillains, Jedi and Sith, Ghostbusters, Starfleet officers, Hogwarts students and teachers, and many, many other characters.

“Cosplay makes me happy,” Edgar Roldan, a cosplayer and NYCC attendee, told Live Science recently.

Roldan — who wore a furry, blue suit and an oversize head to represent Happy from “Fairy Tale” (Del Rey Manga) — said the most satisfying part of cosplay was “just being you — being whatever and whoever you want.”

Other NYCC cosplayers said cosplay allowed them to explore their own creativity, particularly when much of their costume was handmade. Joe Bokanoski and Mike Labarge told Live Science that they assembled their costumes — postapocalyptic interpretations of DC Comics’ Captain America and his nemesis, Red Skull — by scouring flea markets and junkyards.

Their outfits were bulky and cumbersome. But despite the discomfort, they were enthusiastic about wearing them and seeing the appreciative reactions they provoked.

“It’s worth it just to put some smiles on people’s faces,” Bokanoski said.

Inhabiting a character

When a cosplayer selects a particular costume, they are often tapping into a specific character — or combination of characters — because something about that role speaks to them personally, according to Robin S. Rosenberg, a clinical psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco.

Rosenberg, who has written extensively about how people interpret and embrace fictional characters, particularly superheroes, told Live Science that she became interested in studying cosplay after seeing cosplayers in convention centers where she was delivering talks.

“We know from psychology that we all play different roles through the day and week,” Rosenberg said. “Different aspects of me — ‘psychologist,’ ‘wife,’ ‘mother’ — come to the fore in different contexts. I became curious about people who truly inhabit a role, and what’s coming to the fore when you wear a costume.”

Certain costumes offer some people a way of working through personal difficulties, Rosenberg said. Batman, for example, can be an especially meaningful cosplay choice for someone coping with trauma. The dark superhero faced devastating trauma when he was a child — witnessing the brutal murder of his parents — which he overcame to become a hero.

“When people are dressed as Batman, many talk about having [experienced] their own traumatic experiences,” Rosenberg said. “He survived and found meaning and purpose from his experience, and that is inspiring to them.”

Rosenberg noted that Wonder Woman is another enduring and popular choice that resonates with many women, partly because she holds her own in the male-dominated world of costumed comics superheroes. For those cosplayers, dressing as Wonder Woman is a way of celebrating and embracing her power, Rosenberg said.

Recently, a series of images on Instagram featuring a 3-year-old girl costumed as Wonder Woman quickly went viral. Her father, a photographer, said he not only “fulfilled my daughter’s dream of becoming Wonder Woman” by creating an elaborate costume but also staged a photo shoot that placed his daughter in scenes from the upcoming movie, due in theaters June 2, 2017. Judging by the girl’s expressions in the photos, she wholeheartedly embraced her new role as a superhero. [DIY Halloween Costumes: 7 Geeky Getups for Any Party]

Cosplay is a type of performance; putting on a costume broadcasts a visible and public statement about the dresser upper’s allegiance to a character or fandom, and it frequently moves strangers to approach the character for conversation and photos. So it surprised Rosenberg to discover from her conversations with cosplayers that many identified as introverts.

“When they wore a costume, they became much more socially outgoing,” Rosenberg said. She explained that, sometimes, wearing a costume allows a person to tap into confidence they didn’t know they had, and helps them overcome shyness in real life.

“When you do any kind of costuming — but particularly cosplay — on the one hand, it gives you permission to step outside yourself,” Rosenberg said. “But on the other hand, it can summon something in you that doesn’t usually come out.”

Building a community

Costume play not only imbues powers upon individuals but also fosters a sense of community, according to Michael Nguyen, a cosplayer and costuming columnist for the “Star Trek” news website Trekmovie.com. “Star Trek” was Nguyen’s gateway to cosplay, he told Live Science. And through creating and wearing “Star Trek” costumes, he discovered a rich and widespread network of people who shared his interest in the characters and in the world they inhabited.

“In ‘Star Trek,’ there’s this idea of diversity and unity,” Nguyen said. “It portrays a future a lot of people want to believe in.”

“They’re physicians, attorneys, in Ph.D. programs — just people who enjoy expressing themselves, and what they hope the future to be.” [10 Futuristic Technologies ‘Star Trek’ Fans Would Love to See] And cosplayers come from all walks of life, he added.

In addition to cosplaying at conventions, Nguyen organizes bimonthly social events for “Star Trek” fans in New York City to get together and hang out in costume. The idea began with five people in 2013 and expanded to 50 to 60 participants three years later. Nguyen described friendships he’s formed over the years with people who live thousands of miles away, with whom he’s shared the fun of “nerding out” over science fiction and who have inspired his cosplay creativity.

“Costuming is more fun if you do it with other people,” Nguyen told Live Science. “You create your own look, but you also feel like part of a universe when you surround yourself with people who enjoy it as much as you do.”

Cosplayers at NYCC agreed. A woman dressed as She-Ra: Princess of Power from the TV show “Masters of the Universe” (Filmation) told Live Science that “the acceptance” was the best part of doing cosplay.

“It doesn’t matter who you are or what you look like,” she said. “It’s a community — it’s like a big family. Once a year, I come and I see people I haven’t seen but once a year, and it’s just great.”

Another woman costumed as a Hogwarts student from the “Harry Potter” books and movies described participating in a “flashmob” at NYCC, where 75 attendees in Potterverse cosplay came together for a photo — and for one group member to propose to his girlfriend.

“It’s wearing your interests on your body,” she said. “It’s a really great way to bridge the gap and find the common ground.”

Original article on Live Science.

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Cosplaying Kids At Comic Cons
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - JULY 30: Young cosplayer dressed as Chewbacca of StarWars attends MCM Comic Con at Manchester Central on July 30, 2016 in Manchester, England. (Photo by Shirlaine Forrest/WireImage) (credit:Shirlaine Forrest via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 22: Fans dressed in Star Wars themed costumes gather for a group photo at Comic-Con International 2016 - Day 2 on July 22, 2016 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Daniel Knighton/FilmMagic) (credit:Daniel Knighton via Getty Images)
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BOSTON - AUGUST 13: Charlie Lockwood, 5 months from Somerville, is dressed as Baby Groot, from Guardians of the Galaxy 2, at the annual Boston Comic-Con at the Seaport World Trade Center in Boston on Aug. 13, 2016. He's a dancing tree in a flower pot held by his dad, David. (Photo by John Tlumacki/The Boston Globe via Getty Images) (credit:Boston Globe via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 09: A cosplayer attends New York Comic-Con 2015 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 9, 2015 in New York City. (Photo by Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images) (credit:Laura Cavanaugh via Getty Images)
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A Silent (Ian Palaczky) having a fantasy battle with Keaton Wares as Dr Who while attending the London Film and Comic Con LFCC is a convention held annually in London that focuses on films, cult television and comics. The convention holds a large dealers hall selling movie, comic and science fiction related memorabilia and original film props, along with free guest talks, professional photoshoots, autograph sessions, displays. Many of the visitors/attendees arrive dressed up as their favourite comic and sci-fi characters in the most outlandish costumes which draws from the award-winning formula of innovative gameplay. (Photo by In Pictures Ltd./Corbis via Getty Images) (credit:Barry Lewis via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 11: Cosplayers attend New York Comic Con 2015 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 11, 2015 in New York City. (Photo by Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images) (credit:Laura Cavanaugh via Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - JULY 30: Cosplayers dressed as Belle and The Beast of Disney's Beauty and the Beast attend MCM Comic Con at Manchester Central on July 30, 2016 in Manchester, England. (Photo by Shirlaine Forrest/WireImage) (credit:Shirlaine Forrest via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 22: A Costume Cosplay Attendee attends Comic-Con International on July 20, 2016 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Araya Diaz/GC Images) (credit:Araya Diaz via Getty Images)
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Ghostbusters fans attend Comic-Con International 2016 on July 20, 2016 in San Diego, California. (credit:Tara Ziemba via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 10: A cosplayer attends New York Comic Con 2015 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 10, 2015 in New York City. (Photo by Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images) (credit:Laura Cavanaugh via Getty Images)
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PHILADELPHIA, PA - JUNE 03: Cosplayers on Day 2 of Wizard World Comic Con Philadelphia 2016 held at Pennsylvania Convention Center on June 3, 2016 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Photo by Albert L. Ortega/WireImage) (credit:Albert L. Ortega via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 10: Cosplayers attend New York Comic Con 2015 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 10, 2015 in New York City. (Photo by Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images) (credit:Laura Cavanaugh via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 25: Cosplayer dressed as The Tardis from 'Doctor Who' at the San Diego Convention Center on Day 2 of Comic-Con International 2014 on July 25, 2014 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images) (credit:Albert L. Ortega via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 24: Star Wars cosplayers attend Comic-Con International 2016 at San Diego Convention Center on July 24, 2016 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images,) (credit:Albert L. Ortega via Getty Images)
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David Lee (2L) poses with his wife Phuong Lee (R) and their children Tyler (far left) and Dillon (C) in outfits from the Star Trek franchise, at the Comic-Con International 2013 at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego California July 19, 2013. Comic-Con is a four-day geekfest of pop culture attended by some 130,000 devotees of comic books, movies and TV shows -- many dressed up in the costumes of their idols. AFP PHOTO / Robyn Beck (Photo credit should read ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ROBYN BECK via Getty Images)
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MALMO, SWEDEN - 2015/09/12: Mother and son in their cosplay look at Comic Con Malmo 2015. There are lots of exciting activities, booth display, cosplay characters and several nice guests will be at Comic Con Malmo 2015. (Photo by Tommy Lindholm/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images) (credit:Pacific Press via Getty Images)
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A boy wearing a Pac-Man costume attends the Comic-Con International convention in San Diego, California, U.S., on Thursday, July 9, 2015. Comic-Con International is a nonprofit educational corporation dedicated to creating awareness of comics and related popular art forms. Photographer: Patrick T. Fallon/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 22: Fans dressed in Star Wars themed costumes gather for a group photo at Comic-Con International 2016 - Day 2 on July 22, 2016 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Daniel Knighton/FilmMagic) (credit:Daniel Knighton via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 10: (EDITORS NOTE: This image was processed using digital filters) Cosplay fans attend the opening day of New York Comic Con 2013 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 10, 2013 in New York City. New York Comic Con is one of the largest comic book and science fiction conventions. The convention brings together fans of fantasy role playing, science fiction, movies and television. (Photo by Neilson Barnard/Getty Images) (credit:Neilson Barnard via Getty Images)
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LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - OCTOBER 25: Cosplayers attend MCM Comic Con at ExCeL convention centre in London, England on October 25, 2014. (Photo by Tolga Akmen/Anadolu Agenc/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 18: Cosplayer dressed as Thor attends Day 1 of the 2013 Comic-Con International - General Atmosphere held at San Diego Convention Center on Thursday July 18, 2012 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images) (credit:Albert L. Ortega via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 21: General Atmosphere of crowds and cosplay at Comic-Con International 2013 on July 21, 2013 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Gabriel Olsen/Getty Images) (credit:Gabriel Olsen via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 18: Cosplayers dressed as Poison Ivy and Robin attend Day 1 of the 2013 Comic-Con International - General Atmosphere held at San Diego Convention Center on Thursday July 18, 2012 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images) (credit:Albert L. Ortega via Getty Images)
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ROSEMONT, IL - AUGUST 20: Guests attend Wizard World Comic Con Chicago 2016 - Day 3 at Donald E. Stephens Convention Center on August 20, 2016 in Rosemont, Illinois. (Photo by Daniel Boczarski/Getty Images for Wizard World) (credit:Daniel Boczarski via Getty Images)
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SAN DIEGO, CA - JULY 23: A father and son dress as Star Wars stormtroopers at Comic-Con International - Day 3 on July 22, 2016 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Daniel Knighton/FilmMagic) (credit:Daniel Knighton via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 10: Cosplayers attend New York Comic Con 2015 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 10, 2015 in New York City. (Photo by Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images) (credit:Laura Cavanaugh via Getty Images)
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ROSEMONT, IL - AUGUST 11: Cosplayers Victoria Bill as Teela and Rachell Bill as She-Ra attend Day 3 of Wizard World Chicago Comic Con held at Donald E. Stephens Convention Center on August 11, 2013 in Rosemont, Illinois. (Photo by Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images) (credit:Albert L. Ortega via Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - JULY 30: Young cosplayer dressed as Wonder Woman attends MCM Comic Con at Manchester Central on July 30, 2016 in Manchester, England. (Photo by Shirlaine Forrest/WireImage) (credit:Shirlaine Forrest via Getty Images)
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ST LOUIS, MISSOURI - APRIL 02: A child poses in character during the Wizard World St. Louis Comic Con at America's Center on April 2, 2016 in St Louis, Missouri. (Photo by Michael B. Thomas/Getty Images) (credit:Michael B. Thomas via Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - OCTOBER 11: Cosplayers attend New York Comic Con 2015 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on October 11, 2015 in New York City. (Photo by Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images) (credit:Laura Cavanaugh via Getty Images)

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