Will the 113th Congress give a green light to action on climate change? (Photo by JTMarlin)
President Obama achieved a great deal in his first term to advance energy efficiency and renewable energy. But his objective of making significant progress to slow climate change was not achieved. It was beaten by the fossil-fuel lobby acting through the know-nothing opposition of Tea Party Republicans or their brow-beaten colleagues.
With his reelection, in the teeth of huge spending by his opponents, the president is in a good position to get through elements of his original program that were left on the table. The devastation wrought by Superstorm Sandy may help make his case.
Obama's Eco-Achievements
Obama started by making solid appointments, with Steven Chu as Secretary of Energy and Lisa Jackson as Environmental Protection Agency Administrator. He supported climate-change proposals at Copenhagen, and admitted that what was achieved there "was not enough."
Here's what he achieved in his first term, mostly through his budgeting and regulatory authority:
- Obama put energy efficiency and renewable energy on state agendas. The $90 billion investment in green jobs in the stimulus bill may not immediately have created 5 million new jobs -- many states were not ready to take advantage of the programs in a timely way. But it encouraged states and localities to focus on needed environmental initiatives and the longer-term impact of their efforts is real and accounts for about half of the 23 percent lower projections in just a few years of 2020 emissions.
Why Obama Failed to Address Climate Change Directly
That Obama didn't succeed in doing more on climate change reflects unpredictable developments. The BP oil spill early in his first term discouraged offshore oil drilling, and the Fukushima nuclear meltdown discouraged further nuclear power development, creating fuel scarcity and constraining his options. Most important, the Republican minority in the Congress adopted a seriously negative stance toward the President's climate-change goals, calling them job-killers. The entire minority membership of a committee chaired by Senator Barbara Boxer boycotted hearings on the House-passed Waxman-Markey cap-and-trade bill. I had a ringside seat to observe the crackup of the legislation in the 111th Congress, as senior economist for Congress's Joint Economic Committee. The bill was debated to death in the Senate. After the election of more Tea Party adherents in 2010, this legislation was dead in the water.
In 1970, it would have been hard to believe that 42 years later the nation still would not have either a carbon tax or even a carbon-price-setting mechanism like the cap-and-trade system in the Waxman-Markey bill. Green programs in 1970 then had bipartisan support. President Nixon's strong Clean Air Act amendments to the original 1963 Act created the EPA, William Ruckelshaus became its first head (and the late Russell Train its second), and new water-pollution laws were passed after two years.
What stopped progress in the 1970s? The oil shortage that started with OPEC's decision to cut back production. Oil price-driven inflation cascaded through private and public prices and economic concerns overtook environmental ones. The GOP took on the mantle of environmental deregulation in the name of promoting economic growth.
The GOP's Negotiable Opposition to Environmental Rules
Despite Republican opposition to regulation, significant instances of environmental progress have occurred under GOP leadership since Nixon. President Reagan cut social and environmental budgets, including one-third of EPA spending, but in his second term he helped reduce ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases. He promoted a worldwide reduction of these gases via the 1987 Montreal Protocol -- which has been described as the most successful international convention ever signed. It had 197 countries subscribed, plus the European Union, and it has stopped growth of the ozone hole although some aerosol substitutes, such as hydrofluorocarbons, continue to contribute to global warming though they don't damage the ozone layer.
Similarly, President George W. Bush during most of his administration was antagonistic to environmental regulation. But in his second term he undertook significant initiatives to conserve natural resources. He also moved the country along on the path toward greater energy efficiency.
Reagan and Bush 43 added their environmental achievements late in their second terms, which may be an encouraging precedent for President Obama. His strong reelection results may be responsible for a muted Republican opposition. He now has a huge opportunity to achieve more of the change he promised in 2008.
Proposals for the President's Second Term
Climate-change legislation deserves to be near the top of the president's second-term agenda. Even if the United States magically reduced its emissions to zero, the planet will be threatened by the continuing rapid industrialization of China, India and other emerging economies. For the United States to exercise global leadership on this important topic, it must do more at home.
Some improvements in energy efficiency will occur through existing market forces. The Energy Star rating has been shown in several articles by Professor John Quigley and others to raise the value of a property significantly for both sale and rental, so this certification has real value in the real estate community. Vehicle manufacturers are hard at work on fuel and battery efficiency. HSBC Bank projects that the low-carbon economy will triple to $2.2 trillion a year by 2020. Venture capitalists are supporting renewable energy projects.
The president in his second term has a Groundhog Day chance to push forward programs and laws that directly address climate change. Through the last two Congresses, Carol Werner at the EESI has faithfully been pushing out information on a large number of Congressional initiatives in the arena of clean energy and climate strategies. Here are five ways ahead that seem to me to be most promising:
- A carbon tax. The lack of progress of the Waxman-Markey bill in the Senate despite support of the president's Climate Action Partnership has reopened bipartisan consideration of a direct tax on carbon of perhaps20 a ton. This might add 10 percent to the cost of gasoline, but it would lead to correct signals being provided throughout the economy. Pigou-type taxes on pollution ("tax bads, not goods") are viewed with a friendly eye by many analysts on both the left and the right.
The timing of Superstorm Sandy could not have been better for purposes of bringing more business leaders on the side of action to address climate change. Stay tuned and make your voice heard.
Dr. Marlin is Chief Economist for the New Jersey Institute for Social Justice in Newark, NJ. The views expressed in this post are not necessarily those of the Institute. This post is slightly edited from one that previously appeared on the Sallan Foundation site. Photo, "Green Light, Capitol Winter," by JTMarlin. This is #20 in the Green Edge series.