Once a song is distributed to the public with the permission of the owner of the copyright in the song, the U.S. Copyright Act requires songwriters to license songs for reproduction and distribution under a "compulsory license." This license is typically called a "mechanical license" because it only covers the "mechanical reproduction" of the song and does not, for example, include the right to use the song in a YouTube video or a motion picture, create a mashup or reprint the lyrics of the song.
When the Congress first developed the compulsory mechanical license in 1909, the concern was that "the right to make mechanical reproductions of musical works might become a monopoly controlled by a single company." This monopoly never came to pass, and given the fragmentation in music licensing in the current environment, is unlikely to ever come about.
The user of the compulsory license (or "licensee") has to comply with the rules for these licenses -- including an obligation to account and pay royalties. If the licensee fails to comply, then the songwriter can in theory terminate the license, although making that termination stick usually requires an expensive copyright infringement lawsuit.
The bare compulsory license was not widely used before the advent of Internet music services -- and then became something of a weapon of its own -- music services bought into the "long tail" theory and tried to clear millions of songs overnight by massive mailings of notices of their intention to use the work. Given that songs are frequently co-written, this required sending huge numbers of notices. Behind each notice -- supposedly -- is a royalty account and statement of usage as required by law.
So if you're following, songwriters suddenly were required to license to services they did not ask to be included in (unlike artists recording "cuts" the songwriter solicited), and only a limited paper trail to confirm the accuracy of royalty payments.
Trust, But Don't Verify
Intuitively, you are probably thinking that songwriters would have the right to make the licensee provide evidence to demonstrate if this morass actually resulted in correct payments, right? Checking the evidence is called a "royalty compliance examination" or an "audit". Since there is no "auditor general" of compulsory licenses appointed by the Congress, it would seem strange to believe that the intent of Congress was to codify the moral hazard of allowing the person doing the paying to examine their own books.
And yet, in the current practice, the fox is squarely among the chickens. This is because the government requires that the licensee merely "certifies" their own statements (i.e., promises the statements are true). This certification is done on a monthly basis by an officer of the licensee and annually by the licensee's CPA. And songwriters are told "trust me."
The Industry Standard
It's safe to say that this certification process is drastically different than any industry-standard mechanical license. There is a long history of audits in the music business -- the State of California even passed legislation in 2004 protecting the artist's right to audit record companies. But when it comes to songwriters, the federal government forces songwriters to take the compulsory license, tells them the royalty rate they are to be paid, but does not permit songwriters to audit the licensee.
Instead, the government permits the licensee to "certify" their own statements (i.e., promises the statements are true). This certification is done on a monthly basis by an officer of the licensee and annually by the licensee's CPA. And songwriters are told "trust me."
The Blanche Dubois Approach to Royalty Accounting
As Blanche Dubois said in A Streetcar Named Desire, "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers" and until the Congress updates this certification business model, that's exactly what songwriters are expected to do, too.
The compulsory license requires certification by the licensee on a monthly basis and by a CPA on an annual basis.
An officer of the licensee is to include this certification oath with the songwriter's monthly statement:
"I certify that I have examined this Monthly Statement of Account and that all statements of fact contained herein are true, complete, and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief, and are made in good faith."
The Annual Statement of Account requires this certification by a Certified Public Accountant for the licensee:
"We have examined the attached "Annual Statement of Account Under Compulsory License For Making and Distributing Phonorecords" for the fiscal year ended (date) of (name of the compulsory licensee) applicable to phonorecords embodying (title or titles of nondramatic musical works embodied in phonorecords made under the compulsory license) made under the provisions of section 115 of title 17 of the United States Code, as amended by Pub. L. 94-553, and applicable regulations of the United States Copyright Office. Our examination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and accordingly, included tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances."
Do you think that the CPA has in fact examined millions of annual statements? Does the CPA's risk manager or insurance carrier know that the CPA is certifying to a multitude of songwriters that the CPA has actually "examined the attached "Annual Statement of Account..." when it is highly unlikely that the CPA has done any such thing?
Congress crafted this language in a much simpler time. Remember -- there are now millions of these statements every month. Do you think that the certification oath could possibly be true every time? Some of the time? How would you find out?
Certification is a One-Way Street
This certification runs only one way -- the government only offers licensees and CPAs the opportunity to certify that the books are correct, not that they are incorrect. Under current practice, if a company or CPA is squishy about how accurate their books and records are, songwriters typically get no certifications at all and just an uncertified royalty statement if they are lucky.
What conclusion should be drawn from a failure to certify? Why not provide an alternative certification -- that the licensee's books and records cannot be certified. While it may be unrealistic to think that companies would ever disqualify their own books, it is not unrealistic to think that a CPA might choose this option on the annual statement of account given the CPA's licensing responsibilities.
And it is definitely not unrealistic to think that the company's books would be more likely to be accurate if the company knew that this disqualification option were available to the CPA. But the simplest thing Congress could do is to create an audit right for the compulsory license.
Let's Keep it Simple
Chairman Goodlatte has said he intends to update the Copyright Act to bring it into line with the digital age. The Congress already allowed audits for the compulsory license for sound recordings and the webcasting royalty established under Section 114. This mechanism that Congress created in the recent past is working quite well.
Chairman Goodlatte could borrow heavily from the audit rights for the Section 114 compulsory license for sound recordings, and allow songwriters to conduct group audits under Section 115 to avoid a multiplicity of audits.
These changes would bring help bring song licensing into the 21st century and allow songwriters to enjoy greater confidence that they are being paid properly. Creating an audit right under Section 115 compulsory licenses would allow market forces to work to align the incentives toward better payments for songwriters.